【Aim】 To investigate the achene morphology and microstructural characteristics of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in various regions of Jilin Province, with the aim of providing an identification basis for its prevention and control. 【Method】 In this study, achenes from different populations of A. artemisiifolia were collected from 12 regions of Mopan Mountain and Longtan Mountain in Jilin City, Huadian City, Jiaohe City, Changchun City, Siping City, Gongzhuling City, Tonghua City, Baishan City, Baicheng City, Songyuan City, and Qian'an County for scanning electron microscopic observation, description, and photography. The correlation between the achene phenotype and geo-climatic factors was analyzed, and the phenotypic characteristics of achenes were examined using cluster analysis. 【Result】 A. artemisiifolia achene epidermis sculpture was striped- , reticular- and cave-shaped. The beak length of achenes increased with annually increasing precipitation and decreased with increasing latitude, while the achene shape coefficient increased with increasing longitude and annual precipitation. A. artemisiifolia was divided into three groups based on the results of cluster analysis of morphological and microstructural characteristics. The first group, which included specimens collected from Jiaohe City, Tonghua City, Gongzhuling City, Songyuan City, and Qian'an County, was reticular, mesocorphical, and short-beaked. The second group, which included specimens collected from Mopan Mountain in Jilin City, Longtan Mountain in Jilin City, Huadian City, Changchun City, and Siping City, was characterized by its strip-shaped, small-shaped, and medium-long proboscis. The third group of sculptures was cave-shaped, large-shaped, and short-beaked, and included specimens collected from Baishan City and Baicheng City. 【Conclusion】 The achene morphology and microstructure of A. artemisiifolia differed across Jilin Province, and low latitude and high precipitation are favorable to the growth and development of A. artemisiifolia achenes.