Abstract:

Abstract:

As an important part of biological resources, germplasm resources are the material basis for breeding new varieties of crops with high quality, high yield, disease resistance (insect), and stress resistance. In recent years, to meet the needs of the rapid development of the national seed industry, China has consistently introduced a large number of germplasm resources from abroad. The germplasm resources present a higher risk than other plant products, which is inevitably carried out during the introduction process. The introduction of pests will cause serious harm to China. At present, the United States of America, Australia, and other countries have developed risk analysis methods for germplasm resources, but China lacks a unified risk analysis method for germplasm pests. In this review, the main contents of international plant quarantine standards, major trading countries, and Chinese pest risk analysis standard methods are described. Given the urgent pest risk analysis problems in the process of introducing germplasm resources, some suggestions are put forward for future work relating to the development of a germplasm pest risk analysis system: to establish indexes in line with the characteristics of the risk analysis of germplasm resources, a semi-quantitative risk assessment method should be adopted. With further research, the risk assessment index system can be verified and modified appropriately.

Abstract:

The invasive weed, Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray poses a considerable threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function in the tropical and subtropical regions of China, due to its rapid expansion. To improve awareness of the impact caused by T. diversifolia, it is imperative to enhance monitoring, early warning, and control measures. This study is a thorough review of a range of literature. We present a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of T. diversifolia invasion and expansion across various countries and regions. The historical background and distribution and its impact on genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity are described. Combined with scientific research and application practices of the ecological invasion prevention and control technology of T. diversifolia, the main problems and challenges of the ecological invasion prevention and control technology of T. diversifolia are presented. To effectively monitor and prevent the ecological invasion of T. diversifolia, a multi-level risk assessment should be conducted. Diversified scientific research should be conducted on the expansion of the invasion. Early monitoring, prevention, and warning mechanisms should be established; and a comprehensive technical system for prevention and control should be constructed.

Abstract:

【Aim】 Ficus spp. are commonly planted garden plants in the South China. The aim is to identify the species of mealybugs in Ficus spp. 【Method】 The COⅠ gene sequences of 9 species of mealybugs in Ficus spp. were amplified, and their sequence homology, genetic structure, and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed using bioinformatics software. 【Result】 The similarity of 38 sequences of mitochondrial COⅠ gene reached 99.25%-100.00%, and the interspecific genetic distance of 9 mealybugs was 0.070-0.173. Nipaecoccus viridis and Dysmicoccus brevipes had the highest genetic distance, while Pseudococcus comstocki and Pseudococcus cryptus was the smallest, which indicated that Pseudococcus comstocki and Pseudococcus cryptus were highly closely related. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with each mealybug clustered together using known mealybug sequences downloaded separately from the GenBank database. The results of molecular identification were found to be the same as those of morphological identification. 【Conclusion】 The mitochondrial COⅠ gene could rapidly and accurately identify mealybugs in Ficus spp. and reveal the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship of mealybugs. It provided a scientific basis for the monitoring, prevention, and precise control of mealybugs in agriculture and forestry.

Abstract:

【Aim】 Leptinotarsa decemlineata is a destructive pest affecting potato production. Temperature is an important factor affecting the occurrence of L. decemlineata. The influence of this factor on L. decemlineata occurrence during its overwintering period and occurrence duration was determined. Our study provides theoretical support for the future prediction and control of L. decemlineata occurrence and insights into the prediction of the occurrence of this pest in other areas. 【Method】 We collected samples of L. decemlineata and used the stepwise discriminant analysis method to discriminate and classify the occurrence degree and aboveground periods of these beetles in Qapqal County from 1994 to 2021. 【Result】 In the training group, the accuracy of the occurrence degree and aboveground period of L. decemlineata were 100.00% and 80.00%, respectively. In the prediction group, the accuracies of the occurrence degree and aboveground period of L. decemlineata were 69.23% and 76.92%, respectively; the results were considered to be credible. 【Conclusion】 Through screening, the factors affecting the occurrence degree and aboveground period, the temperature in April were found to affect both the aboveground period and occurrence of L. decemlineata in Qapqal County.

Abstract:

【Aim】 To investigate the achene morphology and microstructural characteristics of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in various regions of Jilin Province, with the aim of providing an identification basis for its prevention and control. 【Method】 In this study, achenes from different populations of A. artemisiifolia were collected from 12 regions of Mopan Mountain and Longtan Mountain in Jilin City, Huadian City, Jiaohe City, Changchun City, Siping City, Gongzhuling City, Tonghua City, Baishan City, Baicheng City, Songyuan City, and Qian'an County for scanning electron microscopic observation, description, and photography. The correlation between the achene phenotype and geo-climatic factors was analyzed, and the phenotypic characteristics of achenes were examined using cluster analysis. 【Result】 A. artemisiifolia achene epidermis sculpture was striped- , reticular- and cave-shaped. The beak length of achenes increased with annually increasing precipitation and decreased with increasing latitude, while the achene shape coefficient increased with increasing longitude and annual precipitation. A. artemisiifolia was divided into three groups based on the results of cluster analysis of morphological and microstructural characteristics. The first group, which included specimens collected from Jiaohe City, Tonghua City, Gongzhuling City, Songyuan City, and Qian'an County, was reticular, mesocorphical, and short-beaked. The second group, which included specimens collected from Mopan Mountain in Jilin City, Longtan Mountain in Jilin City, Huadian City, Changchun City, and Siping City, was characterized by its strip-shaped, small-shaped, and medium-long proboscis. The third group of sculptures was cave-shaped, large-shaped, and short-beaked, and included specimens collected from Baishan City and Baicheng City. 【Conclusion】 The achene morphology and microstructure of A. artemisiifolia differed across Jilin Province, and low latitude and high precipitation are favorable to the growth and development of A. artemisiifolia achenes.

Abstract:

【Aim】 We investigated the effect of drought stress on Conyza canadensis seed germination and radicle growth, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of C. canadensis invasion. 【Method】 Mature C. canadensis seeds from the current year were treated with distilled water and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of different mass fractions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). These mass fractions represented mild, moderate, severe, extreme, and extremely severe drought stress intensities, respectively. We measured various indices, including daily relative germination rate, germination rate, and germination potential, to analyze the seed germination potential of C. canadensis. Additionally, we measured seedling root width, root length, average root diameter, root area, total number of root tips, and root branching number to assess radicle growth capacity. Seed recovery germination was also measured. 【Result】 Germination indicators were highest for C. canadensis seeds not exposed to drought stress. As drought stress intensity increased, seed germination indicators decreased, and C. canadensis seeds did not germinate under extremely severe drought stress. Compared with control seeds, mild drought stress and severe drought stress had no significant effect on the average root diameter of C. canadensis but did promote the growth of lateral and indefinite roots. These studies summarize the impact of PEG induced drought stress on the germination and radicle growth of C. canadensis seeds. C. canadensis seeds do not germinate under drought stress with a PEG mass fraction of 20.13%. Seeds do not germinate under extreme and severe drought stress, but when water conditions become sufficient, seeds regain the ability to germinate. 【Conclusion】 These results suggest manual removal of plants before C. canadensis seeds have matured or the planting of drought-resistant, fast-growing, well-rooted, and highly competitive plants in C. canadensis invasion areas to control the growth and development of C. canadensis.

Abstract:

【Aim】 The invasive plant Cenchrus longispinus can grow rapidly and expand its population in nutrient-poor sandy soils, forming a single dominant community. This study analyzed the effect of C. longispinus on soil nitrogen cycle-related microbial communities to provide a theoretical basis for revealing the microbiological mechanisms of its invasion. 【Method】 High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and nifH gene amplicons was applied for analyzing the differences in community structures and functions of bacteria and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the rhizosphere soils of C. longispinus, Elymus dahuricus, Agropyron cristatum, and Setaria viridis. 【Result】 C. longispinus could significantly elevate the levels of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and reduce the contents of water-soluble nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil. The results of soil high-throughput sequencing showed that Bacillus, Cyanobacteria, Nostocales, Anabaena, and Firmicutes were enriched in the nitrogen-fixing communities around the rhizosphere soil of C. longispinus. C. longispinus increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and decreased those of Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes, promoting its capacity for nitrogen fixation and utilization. Nitrospirota and Afipia were barely involved in nitrogen utilization by C. longispinus. 【Conclusion】 C. longispinus could affect the community structures of bacteria and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of invasive areas to improve soil nitrogen for its growth.

Abstract:

【Aim】 To investigate the insecticidal effect of four nicotine receptor agonists against pine wood nematode, Bursapherenchus xylophilus. 【Method】The nematicidal activity was measured on pine branches of Pinus massoniana grown in hydroponics. The effects of nicotinic receptor agonists in aqueous solution were examined on the activities of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in B. xylophilus. 【Result】 Levamisole hydrochloride (LH), tetraimidazole hydrochloride (TH), nicotine (N), and thiophene pyrimidine tartrate (TPT) had significant toxic activity against B. xylophilus. The LC₅₀ values of the four drugs were 0.09, 0.31, 0.08, and 0.14 mg·mL^-1, respectively, when immersed in water for 48 h. The results of the hydroponic experiments after 12 d showed that the pine branches in the LH, TH, N, and CK treatment groups did not suffer from the disease (index-0). Some branches and leaves in the TPT treatment group turned yellow, with a disease index of 31%. The branches and leaves of "CK+nematode" pine completely turned yellow and wilted, with a disease index of 100%. ATP, CAT, AChE, and SOD activities in B. xylophilus treated with nicotinic receptor agonists (LH, TH, N, and TPT) for 48 h were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, nicotinic receptor agonists (LH, TH, N, and TPT) have potential as good biological controls against B. xylophilus, and have the prospect of further in-depth research, development, and utilization.

Abstract:

【Aim】 Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nuttall) Fresenius is an invasive weed species. The aim of predicting its potential habitat and conducting a risk assessment in Xinjiang is to provide a scientific reference for effective prevention and control in our region.【Method】 The MaxEnt model and ArcGIS 10.4 software were utilized to analyze and predict the potential distribution area of C. xanthiifolia in Xinjiang. Additionally, the classification of risk levels was performed. Furthermore, the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method was employed to comprehensively analyze and assess the hazard risk of C. xanthiifolia. 【Result】 The suitable area for C. xanthiifolia in Xinjiang is predominantly situated in the northern region, covering a wide expanse. Highly adaptable areas include Karamay City, the northern part of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and the central part of Tacheng District. Key environmental factors influencing the distribution of C. xanthiifolia encompass the annual average temperature (bio1), the average temperature in the driest season (bio9), the average temperature in the coldest season (bio11), and the average temperature in the hottest season (bio10). The comprehensive risk assessment value of C. xanthiifolia is 2.238, indicating its classification as a highly dangerous pest. 【Conclusion】 Though C. xanthiifolia is confined to Tacheng, Xinjiang, prediction results suggest a potential expansion of its coverage in northern Xinjiang. Therefore, proactive management and control measures should be devised accordingly.

Abstract:

【Aim】 Sphaerolecanium prunastri, a scale insect which harms wild fruit forests in western Tianshan, Xinjiang, is inducing massive mortality of Prunus armeniaca and the decline of ecosystem health and services. The potential suitable habitats in China under future climate scenarios were predicted, which can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of S. prunastri in agriculture and forestry departments. 【Method】 Based on the collection of geographical distribution points of S. prunastri and global meteorological data, MaxEnt model was used to predict and analyze the potential suitable habitats in China. 【Result】 The average AUC of the MaxEnt model was 0.949, suggesting the prediction results highly reliable. The main environmental variables affecting the potential distribution of S. prunastris were min temperature of coldest month, precipitation of coldest quarter, standard deviation of temperature seasonal change and isothermality. The results showed that S. prunastri could have a wide potential distribution in China. The model predicted that S. prunastris's highly suitable habitats were mainly distributed in Bohai Coastal Region of Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong Province, Henan Province, central Shaanxi Province, as well as the border area between Gansu Province and Shaanxi Province, and the Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and Altay region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The moderately suitable habitat were mainly distributed in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Xinjiang. The area ratios of highly suitable habitats, moderately suitable habitats, and low suitable habitats were 4.62%, 6.69%, and 18.77%, respectively. Under the future climate scenario, the highly suitable habits showed a dispersion trend, especially in Xinjiang. 【Conclusion】 The habitats suitable for S. prunastri account for 30.08% of all land area, with a risk of continued spreading and invading outbreaks, especially in the northwest and north of China. Relevant departments should pay attention to it.

Abstract:

【Aim】 The introduction of alien species has contributed greatly to the development of the aquaculture industry. Risk assessments of introduced aquaculture species have mainly focused on quarantine pathogens, whereas the ecological risks of non-native aquaculture species have received little attention. In this study, the European Non-native Species in Aquaculture Risk Analysis Scheme (ENSARS) and the species distribution model (i.e., MaxEnt) were used to assess the ecological risk of the typical non-native aquaculture species marbled sand goby Oxyeleotris marmorata in the southern ecoregion. Our results can inform strategies for managing non-native species in importation and aquaculture. 【Method】 The biological and ecological characteristics, as well as the aquaculture status of O. marmorata, were investigated based on peer-reviewed literatures and field surveys. The invasiveness, risk of pathogen transmission, escaping from capacity, and socioeconomic impact of O. marmorata in aquaculture were assessed using ENSARS, and the potential distribution of this non-native fish in China was predicted using MaxEnt. 【Result】 O. marmorata was classified as "invasive" in the southern ecoregion. This non-native fish was categorized as moderate risk in aquaculture. The risk of pathogen transmission is moderately high. The risk of escaping capacity was medium. The risk of exerting socioeconomic impact was low. The most suitable areas for O. marmorata were distributed in Taiwan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan, accounting for 28.71%, 2.41%, 14.57%, and 24.69% of the total area of each province, respectively. 【Conclusion】 O. marmorata was categorized as "invasive" in the southern ecoregion owing to its undesirable biogeographic and bioecological characteristics. The ecological risk of O. marmorata could be alleviated by human intervention for high-risk events in aquaculture, including escaping from capacity and pathogen transmission. However, the main aquaculture area of O. marmorata overlaps with its potential distribution areas, which might facilitate population establishment of this non-native fish once escaping from capacity to natural waters. Therefore, the measures to prevent these non-native fish escaping from aquaculture facility should be strengthened.

Abstract:

【Aim】 This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe ethanol extracts on plant pathogenic fungi and to provide a basis for the development of plant-derived fungicides. 【Method】 The mycelial growth rate method was used to investigate the inhibitory activity of the extract against 15 plant pathogenic fungi. The effects of the extract on the mycelial dry weight, cell membrane, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of pathogenic fungi were further studied using the fungus Fusarium oxysporumf as the test strain. 【Result】 The P. bulbocodioides extract showed significant inhibitory effects on Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora cryptogea, with EC₅₀ values of 0.849, 0.782, 0.813, and 1.161 mg·mL^-1, respectively. The mycelial dry weight of F. oxysporumf decreased with increasing extract concentrations. The malondialdehyde content of the cell membrane and relative conductivity increased. The activities of CAT, POD, and SOD, three protective enzymes in mycelia, increased. 【Conclusion】 Extracts from the pseudobulb of P. bulbocodioides had good inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi. This inhibitory effect may be related to its interference with mycelial growth and damage to the normal functions of the mycelial cell membrane.

Abstract:

【Aim】 The Bruchus rufimanus is an important agricultural insect pest. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genome of B. rufimanus, and it will contribute to increasing our knowledge of the mitochondrial genome and the phylogeny of "Sagrinae" clade group, Bruchinae and B. rufimanus. 【Method】 In phylogenetic analyses, we selected 22 exemplars of "Sagrinae" clade group (Bruchinae, Sagrinae, Donaciinae and Criocerinae) as ingroups. Two species of Eumolpinae (Basilepta fulvipes and Basilepta melanopus) were used as outgroups. The phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. 【Result】 The mitochondrial genome of B. rufimanus is a circular molecule of 16586 bp in length (GenBank accession No. OP650255), which contains 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a non-coding control region. All tRNA genes can be folded into typical cloverleaf structure, with the exception of the trnS1, which lacks the DHU arm. Furthermore, the anticodon of trnS1 gene is not the common GCU, but rather the UCU. 【Conclusion】 This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome of B. rufimanus. Both phylogenetic inference methods produced a similar tree topological structure: the subfamily Bruchinae, Sagrinae, Donaciinae and Criocerinae were recovered the monophyletic groups. The subfamily Bruchinae were cluster to (Donaciinae+Criocerinae) a clade. The B. rufimanus was sister to Callosobruchus maculatus.

Abstract:

【Aim】 Nanopore sequencing technology, a single-molecule real-time sequencing approach, plays a crucial role in rapid clinical diagnosis and microbiological detection. Using Tephritidae as a crucial example of quarantine pests, the applicability of nanopore sequencing technology was assessed for insect quarantine identification, offering a new assessment approach. 【Method】 We employed Sanger sequencing technology and nanopore sequencing to obtain the DNA barcodes of 14 Tephritidae species previously identified based on morphology. Each sequencing result was cross-referenced in the NCBI and BOLD databases to confirm species accuracy. We then compared the accuracy of sequences obtained through these two distinct sequencing technologies for each species. 【Result】 Nanopore sequencing generated 181-megabyte bases in just 44 min across 14 samples, with an average of 11280 reads per sample and individual read accuracy of 92.10%-94.53 %. After sequence correction for consistency, the results of nanopore sequencing were consistent with those of Sanger sequencing, and the sequencing analysis findings were consistent with the outcome of morphological identification. 【Conclusion】 Our study demonstrates the full applicability of nanopore sequencing technology to quarantine the identification of Tephritidae using the experimental process and data analysis methods outlined here. The sequencing results proved to be both accurate and efficient. Additionally, the experimental protocol provided in this study is suitable for species identification based on amplicon sequencing, fulfilling the requirements for high-throughput and accurate identification of large-scale samples.

Abstract:

【Aim】 In this study, we sought to determine the biological characteristics and annual population occurrence of the moth Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller), a newly invasive plant quarantine pest in China, and to provide a theoretical basis for its integrated control. 【Method】 We examined the living habits of L. botrana and the regularity of population occurrence in the field by means of fixed-point monitoring using sex pheromone attractants, enclosed rearing in the field, and artificial rearing indoors. 【Result】 At the study site in Turpan, Xinjiang, China, the moth annually completes five generations. During winter, it overwinters as a pupae beneath the bark of grape vines. Overwintering pupae commence emergence from the end of March to the beginning of April, coinciding with the opening of grape buds, with peak emergence occurring in early April, around the time of Tomb-Sweeping Day, and approaches completion by mid-April. During this time, overwintering adults lay eggs on flower buds. The first generation of larvae commences hatching in mid-April, and first-generation adults start emerging in mid-May, with the period of emergence ending in late May. Second-generation adults start to appear in late June, with peak emergence occurring in early July, whereas third-generation adults emerge at the end of July, with a peak emergence in early August, and fourth-generation adults emerge at the end of August, with a peak emergence in early September. In early October, the larvae of the subsequent overwintering generation begin to pupate, with most larvae preferentially pupating beneath the bark of old vine trees. Adult insects mostly engage in flying, feeding, mating, and oviposition behaviors during dusk. Overwintering adult females lay eggs on the sepals and buds of grape inflorescences. The first- to third-generation females oviposit on the surface of grape fruits, whereas fourth-generation females oviposit on the tidbits of grape secondary openings. A single female lays between approximately 20 and 40 eggs. The first-generation larvae feed on grape tidbits, whereas those of the second to fourth generations cause damage to grape fruits and exhibit cannibalistic behavior. In terms of control, a sweet and sour solution comprising a mixture of brown sugar, vinegar, wine, and water (6:3:1:10) has been proven to have certain trapping and killing effects on adults. 【Conclusion】 In Turpan, there are five discrete non-overlapping generations of L. botrana within a single year. The overwintering generation is the largest in terms of population size. The duration of development for each generation and the different stages of the insect's life cycle shorten as the air temperature increases. The larvae pose a threat during the entire growing season of grapes, with the larvae of the third and fourth generations causing damage to ripened fruits, resulting in significant fruit decay and substantial economic losses.