【Aim】The invasive alien species Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver is a national forestry quarantine pest. This study aimed to investigate the population genetic structure and differentiation rules of R. ferrugineus in China and to provide a basis for control of the spread in the future. 【Method】 The sequences of 12 Chinese geographic populations of R. ferrugineus at nine microsatellite loci were determined based on microsatellite technology, and the genetic diversity and genetic structure among populations of R. ferrugineus were analyzed using PopGen32, BOTTLENECK, and STRUCTURE software. 【Result】 Among the 12 geographic populations, nine had high genetic diversity (Nei's mean > 0.5). The results of the bottleneck effect test showed that, except for the population of Mengzi, which recently suffered from the bottleneck effect, other populations did not experience the bottleneck effect. The populations of Guangxi and Jiangxi conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at most loci, and other populations deviated from this equilibrium in nine microsatellite loci. The F_st of nine SSR loci in most of the 12 geographic populations was less than 0.18, the value of the mean was 0.1769, and N_em ranged from 0.4332 to 2.1130. The 12 populations were divided into three groups by the methods of STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis. 【Conclusion】 The main genetic variation among populations of R. ferrugineus occurred within the population, and the variation among populations was not obvious. Frequent gene exchange existed among most populations. R. ferrugineus from Xinyu, Jiangxi, and Chongzhou, Sichuan were probably introduced from Fujian. There might be multiple invasion sources and invasion paths in populations of R. ferrugineus in China.