Heat shock proteins (Hsp) play crucial roles in reproductive processes. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in research on Hsp-related functions and mechanisms in insect reproduction. This paper reviews the progress in research of Hsp on insect spermatogenesis and sperm protection, egg maturation and egg protection, reproductive response, and aging evolution mechanisms. This review aims to provide a reference for future in-depth study of the relationship between Hsp and insect reproduction and to provide new ideas for pest control and beneficial insect utilization.