[Aim] To provide data support for invasion risk assessment and loss prediction, as well as the scientific basis for the development of control plans, by predicting the potential geographical distribution of the invasive weed, Rapistrum rugosum.[Method] ENMTools and SPSS were used first to remove duplicate occurrences in the same environmental variable grid cell and eliminate one variable per pair with high correlations, respectively; and next Kuenm R package was called to models calibrate, in addition to select the optimal parameter settings of MaxEnt; then we ran MaxEnt and ArcMap to predict the potential geographical distribution of R. rugosum in China; at last, the positions of ports and processing enterprises designated by China's customs for imported grain were matched with the potential geographical distribution of R. rugosum in China and analyzed.[Result] The Min temperature of coldest month, temperature seasonality and precipitation of coldest quarter are the top three environmental variables for the fitting importance of MaxEnt model, while the first one might be the most important natural factor affecting the occurrence and distribution of R. rugosum. The moderately suitable area of R. rugosum in China accounts for 15.13% of the total land area of China, and is mainly concentrated in the subtropical monsoon climate regions, which in the south of Qinling-Huaihe line and east of Longmenshan-Daliangshan. The highly suitable area accounts for 1.67% of China's total land area, mainly forming three centers in Sichuan-Chongqing, Hubei-Hunan and Yangtze River Delta. There are 901 processing enterprises and 57 ports designated by China's customs for imported grain in the moderately and highly suitable areas of R. rugosum.[Conclusion] The moderately and highly suitable areas of R. rugosum overlap with the vital production areas of grain and cotton crops in China, and once this weed occurs in a large area, it will have a great adverse effect on the cultivation of grain and cotton crops in China. The international trade of imported grain is the main way of the invasion of R. rugosum into China, hence it is essential to strengthen the supervision of imported grain receiving and unloading, transportation, processing, and other high-risk areas and links. Meanwhile, the monitoring and investigation of invasive foreign weeds must be actively implemented to ensure early detection and prevent further spread and harm.