[Aim] To improve the data on Jiangxi local alien species catalogue and provide a basis for the construction of effective prevention and early warning mechanisms for invasive plants in Jiangxi Province. [Method] Based on a review of the literature, specimen studies, and field investigations, we analyzed and discussed the floristic composition, origin, life form, introduction pathways, introduction time, and distribution at prefecture-level of non-native plants in Jiangxi Province. [Result] In total, 599 alien plant species belonging to 106 families and 407 genera were recorded in Jiangxi. Asteraceae was the most species-rich family (85 species, 14.19%), followed by Fabaceae (52 species, 8.68%); 91 families had <10 species and accounted for 85.85% of the total families. Most of the alien species in Jiangxi were of American origin (49.25%), followed by those of Asian (20.80%) and European (13.81%) origins. However, few of them were introduced from the Mediterranean and Oceania. Herbs were the most prevalent among alien plants, followed by trees. The alien species were mainly introduced for ornamental, culinary, and medicinal purposes. 267 invasive plants in 53 families and 168 genera were recorded in Jiangxi Province. Jiujiang, Ganzhou, and Nanchang have been invaded seriously due to their advantageous geographical position and economic status. [Conclusion] The introduction pathways of the alien plants were diverse and many have become invasive after a time lag. Suggestions on controlling alien plants, including risk assessment, improvement of detection were proposed. In addition, increasing public awareness of the invasion hazards and conducting timely prevention and control interventions are necessary to prevent alien plants from escaping and becoming invasive.