[Aim] This study aimed to explore the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Solidago canadensis. [Method] Five rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of S. canadensis from Guogongdu, Huanghua Town, Changsha County were collected and the microbial community structure and diversity in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of S. canadensis were studied using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. [Result] The organic matter content in the rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis was significantly higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil, and there was no significant difference in water content. Regarding diversity and abundance of the microbial community, the Shannon and Simpson indices of rhizosphere soil bacteria were higher than those of non-rhizosphere soil, and the Chao1 and ACE indices were lower than those of non-rhizosphere soil. The Shannon and Simpson indices of fungi in rhizosphere soil were lower than those in non-rhizosphere soil, and the Chao1 and ACE indices were higher than those of non-rhizosphere soil. At the phylum level, the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were relatively high, and the proportions of the two in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples were 42.92% and 34.23%, respectively. Ascomycota accounted for 58.6% and 57.3% of the fungi in the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil samples, respectively. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Candidatus Solibacter, Ellin6067, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Bradyrhizobium in rhizosphere soil bacteria were significantly higher than those of non-rhizosphere soils, whereas that of Acinetobacter was significantly lower than in non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of Monographella, Phallus, Mortierella, Fusarium, and Clitopilus in the rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizosphere soil. The relative abundances of Sistotrema、unidentified_Ascomycota_sp、unidentified_Paraglomerales_sp, and Lecanora were significantly lower than those in non-rhizosphere soils. [Conclusions] The invasion of S. canadensis changed the structure and composition of the inter-root microbiological community compared to the non-rhizosphere. These results provide insights on the effects of the invasion of S. canadensis on soil.