Analysis of the transcriptome, which is a snapshot of the total transcription in a cell at a particular developmental stage or condition, can reveal the gene expression patterns and molecular mechanisms in a specific state. Curculionidae is the largest family in the kingdom Animalia, and many species of Curculionidae are pests that affect grain storage, agriculture, and forestry in China. To determine the gene functions related to life processes, to search for novel pest control targets, and above all, to understand the genetics of insect development and immunity and screen potential RNA interference (RNAi) targets, it is important to study the transcriptome of Curculionidae. In this work, the transcriptome of Curculionidae was superficially analyzed, and the differentially expressed genes at different developmental stages, in insect antennae, during interaction with plants, and related to prevention and control, immune mechanisms, evolution, and RNAi were identified. In addition, the prospects for in-depth research of Curculionidae insects and potential applications are discussed, and theoretical guidance for pest control is provided.