【Background】Planting transgenic rice plants expressing broadspectrum antifungal proteins may lead to unpredictable ecological risks. Substantial equivalence of chemical components in transgenic rice plants is an important part of safety assessment. 【Method】The chemical components and microstructure of straw were analyzed and compared between transgenic rice plants expressing broadspectrum antifungal proteins plants Zhuanpin 1 and Zhuanpin 8 and its nontransgenic counterpart Qisiruanzhan. 【Result】The kinetic changes of chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and crude protein) in leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem between transgenic rice plants and nontransgenic counterpart were not greatly different. Besides, for transgenic rice plants Zhuanpin 1 and Zhuanpin 8, the morphology and quantity of strumae of leaves, stoma of leaves, stem wall, parenchyma of stem, sclerenchyma of stem and vascular bundle were basically consistent with that of nontransgenic counterpart by the observation of SEM.【Conclusion and significance】The chemical composition and microstructure for transgenic rice plants expressing broadspectrum antifungal proteins plants was basically similar to that of the nontransgenic counterpart.