Half century passed since Charles S.Elton′s book “The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants” was published in 1958, which is generally acknowledged as the starting point for focused scientific attention on biological invasions. After that, biological invasions research experienced a “germination” stage (before 1980s), a growth stage (1980s), followed by continued and rapid development (from the 1990s to the present). During those periods, more and more concepts, hypotheses, methods and technologies were developed and applied to this field. By today, the new ecological discipline Invasion Biology (IB) was born. Invasion Biology is defined as an interdisciplinary scheme to study invasiveness of invasive alien species and invasibility of ecosystems, and to develop prevention and management technology of invasive alien species. Here we present some statistics on invasion books and papers in the last 50 years and illustrated the international development of IB. We also review the basic and applied research on IB in China, focused on the key scientific questions (invasion potential, genetic differentiation, ecological adaptations and system resistance), the technical systems of prevention and control (detection and surveillance, risk assessment and early warning, suppression and eradication, biological control, ecological restoration and intervene adjustment). The construction and framework of IB in China were further detailed.